Policy card effectiveness timing

How do policies work with respect to timing in these instances:

A policy card like newly trained builders get 2 extra build actions: To get the benefit, does the policy need to be active when construction of a builder is started, completed, both? I suppose when completed/produced makes the most sense, but I have some doubt.

A policy card like +x production toward y: Do you need to have the policy in effect before you begin to produce y? Suppose you start producing a y with no related policy, then apply the policy part-way through, then inactivate the policy. Do you get the production bonus proportional to the time it was active, or does the policy need to be in effect when you start or finish production?